Loop now supports the new post-quantum MLDSA44(18) DNSSEC algorithm as specified by draft-westerbaan-dnssec-mldsa-04. Loop's resolver automatically performs DNSSEC validation using this algorithm, so we will not cover that in this article. This is a simple example of how to perform manual DNSSEC zone signing with the MLDSA44 DNSSEC algorithm using the DNSSEC utilities in Loop. There are other ways to sign a zone such as inline signing which we will not cover in this article.

Install dependencies

Install Loop for your operating system platform by following its installation instructions.

Create a working directory

For this example, we will create and change to a sub-directory called mldsa44/ as our working directory.

[user@host ~]$ mkdir mldsa44
[user@host ~]$ cd mldsa44
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

Create a DNSKEY with algorithm MLSDA44

We will create a DNSKEY to sign the example.com. zone. The dnssec-keygen program can be used to generate a key. We create a DNSKEY with algorithm MLDSA44:

[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ dnssec-keygen -a MLDSA44 -n ZONE example.com
Generating key pair.
Kexample.com.+018+27299
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ cat Kexample.com.+018+27299.private
Private-key-format: v1.3
Algorithm: 18 (MLDSA44)
PrivateKey: pbGxY/QGvJYQWaM9NfTKazo9wZGmJRFupuQL3UFr3uo=
Created: 20260929013813
Publish: 20260929013813
Activate: 20260929013813
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ cat Kexample.com.+018+27299.key
; This is a zone-signing key, keyid 27299, for example.com.
; Created: 20260929013813 (Tue Sep 29 09:38:13 2026)
; Publish: 20260929013813 (Tue Sep 29 09:38:13 2026)
; Activate: 20260929013813 (Tue Sep 29 09:38:13 2026)
example.com. IN DNSKEY 256 3 18 dNBgWlmYdEDiXE05FanPBDiqbcUYvubNh566T++iVbtHcbQt78wm+CJY eYOHnb33KAZ9Qxs0fCBXuSYDK8SPbixrgIzqoBhPTU5mxosQ37SktbBa Y9r1CuvYRgYg0upB1Yk0JS0EVaslxPr8YxhR8FZHgUJlnKwd/VBxkfsu x+PqLtId5wWxwxg7abXTooRGW6YLLudn0O0J7zR/PWMba+nRTmBFjD8M fSDbZdeWrEl32M9zBSIMASNCRYboK7LMz/lvGuz0GQDkJem9UkJtC4HD eHhCXMcyNUFccKTPxVAJ/3Ss5N9YiznhWvs7FtxRosBIjVqPjkMMpA7F KZ2wu9nx9YBwQf6lJvx53t+W/XwiEEYrms6VltREcHAQLxJEFTmSSVmI Bh3R372+lbYWiwIOIk//fYeJKJi9ZuZcqOrIj4vXjJ5ZhEb6hhxWmfMP TcuG/XQLMt9oSCegkuHOZUIYy9O0n6PgsIEtkuVFD6tZS5mzdO9hKlI/ X6imV2ujg6s7q17N6dhJwEKyaTKcKsELwNHRZOy2ldHT3RaoHj+LERP8 mFbX1OWth7NUFpAgtjAtsHOjynXoivcXNou12HzXXr+Wkczhs0Oj5TMz G58hOD/69nLVKxv+Ylm2MHRvoUCGZf4AEtZMzfXcH+GpAv3kyWUdmcj1 d/ctzjwbEf7d1MW8DQ3aefBcvXqVC/dfZLGM0FCyUUXCf+E1Wcl8GaUz HXqRdSVL/eUKlmsGMwCHRrO1RfrXNPfbDLXuV/qmdFuqhWKnKendISt5 EQvT1MLd8FLLmDQjR65w7aCQF6FCbvASgk2cQ7e/yAndrKEMjdH8pbaj MdhQhrDW0wyRB6gfApwVtFAS6E6lCnau2XuBlqJxU9R/1PZukxAHum0X AEKP1yi6JTok7VVEAZFMYYQ8pJ4+cXVwHGatKLgYUUz63haKG/RWFYE9 XM0ofLoI3Xn5IAk6QPAkEv2TX/C9skmKOyjOFTMb5ituuClQeD+Ddjlf YGPhZZCD+MvAz5u+Mtxp/fNmwiaj1eo86Yx4MzyR85JGx/q/o1nxr+AM c8ZzIBRVp2MC6+ex8/tHyhg7WPKEQQQdt4u73pPgil0CzyqEuYFp35JX W2vWXWsXtI4dBfBAN9nPYWVI8xn22OapaMrzEaPZr6Fs3aVajP9jQtP5 +YcDZmsq1HhPthEKxjQ0Vvenn2xGw+cod97EmqfOot5Alu8Yw8nAa6c7 KwXeqI7g7M3vGwjUTCKt+Jk4cxBmOWaLLWkn/SnFhsfm0byxZ9zmozg0 HszHhaYywK2C8vzB48AmrpN+pD3rdKo6AYCdIKo+b1eT0A2ESL6YZxe1 bX0jG9as6SPXhaHE8+DxhjqbMgtdNijEO/FcJntuyn3gbT5CloRClMZQ jbnCKaWk/dWJt0faVNItNs+F37jD6nDv5RaMdTv/LJY4ZJ1O0rkOu12y di6H/zixaJhdQpSnW20T93ty/KDpC8G/7nZAUUzzrHk6xPLNhTHGvzsO nLjSvnjij3BOuCS6AerEG6Z2l6nNT1vWydNR3MlsJ6dsyX6aE51cR6Wa jv028PgeATCIXgGDDCX1pUuyGSrUzXo32OcYgEClr+thbkfu6rShS+s+ 4QyKkLoAki13A+10oFx48E8DTZt/QgIFG4E4iBzKbNpXWWXMMw5LRGzF AKGwcbxgCmbDi0BYElyPV6h75fQrMEFCoqHnNoe1OYbEy45UWObnvK41 1fLTj2beU4v/tg==
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

(The DNSKEY key ID it assigns may differ for you as it is chosen randomly; it does not matter.)

See the dnssec-keygen(1) manpage for more details on its usage.

Sign a DNS zone using the DNSKEY

Now that we have the Kexample.com.+018+27299.key and Kexample.com.+018+27299.private files, we can sign a master file for the example.com zone. We use the the dnssec-signzone program to sign zones.

Let's create a sample master file for the example.com. zone, and also check that it is syntactically correct:

[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ cat > example.com.db
$TTL 3600
example.com.      IN SOA  . . 2026092900 600 600 1200 600
example.com.         NS ns1.example.com.
ns1.example.com.     A 127.0.0.1
example.com.         A 127.0.0.1
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ named-checkzone example.com example.com.db
zone example.com/IN: loaded serial 2026092900
OK
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

This zone's data can be signed now using the DNSKEY we just created. We use smart signing by calling dnssec-signzone -S so that it discovers the DNSKEY automatically in the Kexample.com.+018+27299.key and Kexample.com.+018+27299.private files.

[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ dnssec-signzone -S -z -o example.com example.com.db
Fetching ZSK 27299/MLDSA44 from key repository.
Verifying the zone using the following algorithms: MLDSA44.
Zone fully signed:
Algorithm: MLDSA44: KSKs: 0 active, 0 stand-by, 0 revoked
                    ZSKs: 1 active, 0 stand-by, 0 revoked
example.com.db.signed
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

The signed zone's data is saved to the master file example.com.db.signed and has the following content:

[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ cat example.com.db.signed
; File written on Tue Sep 29 09:45:56 2026
; dnssec-signzone version 1.99.23.19700101000000.000000000
example.com.        3600    IN SOA  . . (
                    2026092900 ; serial
                    600        ; refresh (10 minutes)
                    600        ; retry (10 minutes)
                    1200       ; expire (20 minutes)
                    600        ; minimum (10 minutes)
                    )
            3600    RRSIG   SOA 18 2 3600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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            3600    NS  ns1.example.com.
            3600    RRSIG   NS 18 2 3600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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            3600    A   127.0.0.1
            3600    RRSIG   A 18 2 3600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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                    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABcjMkA= )
            600 NSEC    ns1.example.com. A NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY
            600 RRSIG   NSEC 18 2 600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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            3600    DNSKEY  256 3 18 (
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                    ) ; ZSK; alg = MLDSA44 ; key id = 27299
            3600    RRSIG   DNSKEY 18 2 3600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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ns1.example.com.    3600    IN A    127.0.0.1
            3600    RRSIG   A 18 3 3600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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            600 NSEC    example.com. A RRSIG NSEC
            600 RRSIG   NSEC 18 3 600 (
                    20261029004556 20260929004556 27299 example.com.
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                    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA4jLEI= )
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

As you can see, MLDSA44 signatures are large (2420 octets in size each).

See the dnssec-signzone(1) manpage for more details on its usage.

Verify the signed zone's data

Though the signed zone's data is automatically verified as part of the signing process, we can explicitly verify the signed zone's data to check that it is signed properly using the dnssec-verify program:

[user@host ~/mldsa44]$ dnssec-verify -z -o example.com example.com.db.signed
Verifying the zone using the following algorithms: MLDSA44.
Zone fully signed:
Algorithm: MLDSA44: KSKs: 0 active, 0 stand-by, 0 revoked
                    ZSKs: 1 active, 0 stand-by, 0 revoked
[user@host ~/mldsa44]$

See the dnssec-verify(1) manpage for more details on its usage.

Publish the zone, and DS records in the parent zone

The next step would be to serve the zone on named and also publish DS records in the parent zone. How you do this may vary depending upon your DNS operations, but it is the same process as for any other DNSSEC algorithm.

The DS records can be found in the file dsset-example.com. generated by dnssec-signzone. You can also use the dnssec-dsfromkey program to generate DS records for your DNSKEY. See the dnssec-dsfromkey(1) manpage for more details on its usage.

This ends the example.